50 Poisonous & Toxic Foods That Can Kill Dogs (A to Z List)

This content was reviewed and fact-checked by veterinarian Dr. Sandra Tashkovska, DVM.

Dogs are curious by nature and often eager to share whatever we’re eating—but not everything that’s safe for humans is safe for them. In fact, many everyday foods can be highly toxic to dogs, causing everything from mild stomach upset to life-threatening complications like kidney failure, seizures, or organ damage. Whether it’s a grape dropped on the floor or a bite of onion-laced leftovers, even small amounts of certain foods can have devastating effects. That’s why every pet parent needs to know exactly what foods to avoid and why. This guide covers 50 common toxic foods—categorized for clarity—that can poison or kill dogs, along with specific ingredients to watch for and why they’re dangerous. Let’s dive in.

Poisonous Foods to Dogs

Many foods and food additives safe for humans can be harmful to our pets. The list below outlines 50 foods that are poisonous to dogs.

A. Fruits & Vegetables

1. Grapes & raisins: Grapes and raisins are highly toxic to dogs and can cause rapid kidney failure, even in small amounts. The exact toxin hasn’t been identified, but ingestion has led to fatal outcomes in dogs of all breeds and sizes. What’s especially concerning is that the toxic dose isn’t consistent—some dogs can tolerate a few with no issue, while others can suffer severe effects after just one or two. This unpredictability makes them particularly dangerous. Grapes, raisins, and foods containing them (like trail mix, baked goods, or cereals) should always be kept far out of a dog’s reach. Even small “tastes” from dropped snacks or children’s lunchboxes can be life-threatening.

2. Avocados: They contain a fungicidal toxin called persin, which is harmful to dogs in large quantities. While the flesh of the avocado is less toxic than the pit, peel, or leaves, it still poses risks—especially due to its high fat content, which can trigger pancreatitis in some dogs. The avocado pit is also a significant choking hazard and a potential cause of intestinal blockage if swallowed. Additionally, dogs that consume parts of the plant or large amounts of the fruit may experience toxic effects. While smaller amounts of avocado can be safe for dogs, it’s best to avoid giving your dog any part of an avocado, including guacamole.

3. Cherries: Cherries, especially the stems, leaves, and pits—contain cyanogenic compounds that can release cyanide when chewed or digested. While the fruit’s flesh itself is not highly toxic, the danger lies in the parts most dogs are likely to ingest accidentally. Swallowing whole cherries poses a choking risk and can also cause intestinal blockage, especially in smaller dogs. The cyanide from crushed pits interferes with cellular oxygen transport, making cherry ingestion a serious health threat. Because of these risks, cherries should be completely avoided as a dog treat.

4. Onions: Highly toxic in all forms—raw, cooked, powdered, or dehydrated—onions contain thiosulfates that can destroy a dog’s red blood cells and trigger hemolytic anemia. This condition reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and can become fatal if left untreated. Even small amounts, especially when consumed regularly through table scraps or flavored foods, can build up to toxic levels. Everything from onion rings to soup mixes and gravies can pose a risk, making strict avoidance essential.

5. Garlic: More potent than onions, garlic has an even higher concentration of thiosulfates, making it exceptionally dangerous for dogs. Though sometimes mistakenly believed to be a natural flea remedy, garlic can cause serious oxidative damage to red blood cells, leading to lethargy, weakness, and anemia. It’s commonly found in seasonings, sauces, marinades, and prepared meats, so even trace amounts in leftovers can be harmful. Avoid offering any food seasoned with garlic, whether fresh, powdered, or cooked.

6. Leeks: Closely related to onions and garlic, leeks are part of the Allium family and carry the same toxic compound—thiosulfates—that can damage a dog’s red blood cells. Even in small quantities, they can cause oxidative stress leading to hemolytic anemia. Leeks may not be as commonly used as garlic or onions, but they’re often found in soups, stews, and casseroles, where their presence can go unnoticed. Any food prepared with leeks should be kept far from dogs.

7. Rhubarb: The leaves and stalks of rhubarb contain oxalates, which can interfere with calcium absorption and potentially cause kidney failure in dogs. While humans typically only eat the stalks, dogs that access garden plants or kitchen scraps may ingest both the toxic leaves and the stems. Even small amounts can be harmful, especially in smaller breeds. Rhubarb desserts and jams should also be kept out of reach due to added sugar and other harmful ingredients.

8. Tomatoes: Green, unripe tomatoes and the plant’s stems and leaves contain a compound called solanine, which is toxic to dogs in sufficient quantities. Solanine levels drop as tomatoes ripen, making small portions of fully ripe tomatoes generally safer, but the risk from the plant parts remains. Dogs that roam in gardens or are fed tomato-based foods like sauces or soups may inadvertently consume the more toxic parts. It’s best to avoid feeding tomatoes altogether unless you’re certain they’re ripe and plain.

9. Mushrooms: Wild mushrooms can be extremely dangerous to dogs, with some species containing potent toxins that can cause liver failure, neurological issues, or even death. The risk is highest with mushrooms growing in yards, parks, or forests, as it’s nearly impossible for the average person to distinguish safe from toxic varieties. Dogs are naturally curious and may eat them while exploring outdoors. To stay safe, it’s best to assume all wild mushrooms are toxic and remove any that appear in your dog’s environment.

10. Unripe potatoes: Green or sprouted potatoes, as well as their skins and leaves, contain solanine, a natural toxin that can affect a dog’s nervous system and cause gastrointestinal distress. While cooked, peeled potatoes in small amounts are generally safe, raw or unripe potatoes pose a real danger. Dogs that dig up garden potatoes or are given raw scraps may be exposed to toxic levels. Always cook and thoroughly peel potatoes before considering them as a rare treat.

B. Nuts & Seeds

11. Macadamia nuts: Even in small amounts, macadamia nuts are highly toxic to dogs and can cause severe reactions including muscle weakness, tremors, and vomiting. The exact toxin is unknown, but ingestion can lead to temporary but distressing symptoms that may require veterinary care. They’re often found in cookies, trail mixes, and nut blends, so keep all such snacks securely stored.

12. Walnuts (especially moldy): Fresh walnuts aren’t ideal for dogs due to their high fat content, but moldy walnuts are especially dangerous. They can harbor mycotoxins produced by fungi, which can cause seizures and serious neurological problems. Mold can develop quickly in damp storage or fallen nuts outdoors, so be cautious with unshelled or ground-harvested walnuts.

13. Almonds: While not inherently toxic, almonds are difficult for dogs to digest and can pose a choking hazard, especially for small breeds. They’re also high in fat, which increases the risk of pancreatitis if eaten regularly or in large quantities. Salted, flavored, or chocolate-covered almonds pose additional dangers and should be strictly avoided.

14. Pistachios: Like almonds, pistachios are not technically toxic, but they’re high in fat and often come salted or seasoned—making them risky for dogs. Overeating pistachios can lead to gastrointestinal upset and long-term pancreatitis. Mold growth on improperly stored pistachios also raises the risk of aflatoxin exposure, which is harmful to the liver.

15. Apple Seeds: Although apples themselves are safe in moderation, the seeds contain amygdalin, a compound that releases cyanide when chewed. A few seeds may not cause harm, but regular ingestion or consumption of large amounts could be dangerous over time. Always remove the core and seeds before giving apples as a treat.

C. Sweets & Baked Goods

16. Chocolate: Chocolate contains two toxic compounds for dogs—theobromine and caffeine—both of which overstimulate the nervous system and heart. The darker the chocolate, the more dangerous it is, with baking and dark chocolate carrying the highest concentrations. Even small amounts can lead to poisoning, especially in smaller dogs. Chocolate is commonly found in baked goods, candy, and desserts, so accidental ingestion is a frequent cause of emergency vet visits.

17. Xylitol (sugar substitute found in gum, candy, peanut butter): Xylitol is one of the most life-threatening ingredients a dog can consume. Just a small amount can trigger a rapid release of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar), seizures, liver failure, and even death. It’s often found in sugar-free gums, candies, baked goods, some peanut butters, toothpaste, and mints. Because it can be hidden in seemingly harmless foods, it’s vital to always read ingredient labels before offering human food to your dog.

18. Candy (especially hard candy or licorice): Candy poses multiple risks to dogs. Hard candies can become lodged in the throat and cause choking, while many sugar-free varieties contain xylitol, which is highly toxic. Licorice is especially dangerous, as it can raise blood pressure, cause salt retention, and lead to serious electrolyte imbalances if consumed in large amounts. Even candies without xylitol or chocolate are loaded with sugar and artificial ingredients that can trigger digestive upset or long-term health issues.

19. Ice cream: Most ice cream is high in both lactose and sugar, making it a poor choice for dogs. Many dogs are lactose intolerant and will experience gas, bloating, or diarrhea after consuming dairy. Popular flavors like chocolate, coffee, and mint often contain toxic ingredients like caffeine or xylitol, amplifying the danger. While there are dog-friendly frozen treats available, regular ice cream is best avoided entirely.

20. Dough: Raw yeast dough can be deadly for dogs because the yeast continues to rise and expand inside their warm stomachs. This can lead to bloating, severe abdominal pain, and potentially life-threatening gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV). As the dough ferments, it also produces ethanol (alcohol), which can result in alcohol poisoning. Even small amounts of raw dough can create serious medical emergencies, so it should be kept well out of reach.

D. Meats, Bones & Fatty Foods

21. Cooked bones (splinter risk): Cooked bones, especially from poultry or pork, become brittle and can easily splinter when chewed. These sharp fragments can cause choking, puncture the digestive tract, or lead to dangerous blockages. Unlike raw bones, which are sometimes used under supervision in raw diets, cooked bones are never safe for dogs. They may seem like a natural treat, but the risk of internal injury is extremely high.

22. Raw fish (risk of parasites): Feeding raw fish to dogs, especially salmon, trout, or sturgeon, can expose them to parasites like Neorickettsia helminthoeca, which causes salmon poisoning disease. This condition is often fatal if not treated promptly. Additionally, raw fish may contain harmful bacteria like Listeria or Salmonella, which can affect both dogs and humans in the household. Cooking the fish thoroughly is the only safe way to share it with your dog.

23. Fat trimmings: Giving your dog fat trimmings from meats—whether cooked or raw—can lead to pancreatitis, a painful and potentially life-threatening inflammation of the pancreas. High-fat foods also contribute to obesity, digestive upset, and long-term metabolic issues. While dogs enjoy the taste, even small amounts of leftover fat can result in serious health problems over time.

24. Bacon: Bacon is high in fat, salt, and preservatives like nitrates and nitrites, making it an unhealthy and risky food for dogs. The excessive fat content can trigger acute pancreatitis, while the high sodium levels can cause bloating, dehydration, and even salt poisoning in severe cases. Regular consumption may also contribute to long-term heart and kidney issues. It’s best to avoid feeding bacon altogether, even in small portions.

25. Processed meats (deli meats, hot dogs): Deli meats and hot dogs often contain high levels of sodium, preservatives, and flavor enhancers that can be toxic to dogs in large quantities. Many are seasoned with garlic or onion powder—both of which are toxic—and may include additives like nitrates that strain the liver and kidneys. Feeding these meats regularly can increase the risk of obesity, high blood pressure, and organ damage. Stick to plain, cooked meats without seasoning if you want to share a bite.

E. Beverages & Liquids

26. Alcohol: Alcohol is extremely dangerous for dogs, even in small amounts. It depresses the central nervous system, leading to symptoms like disorientation, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and potentially coma or death. Dogs are far more sensitive to ethanol than humans, and just a few sips of beer, wine, or liquor—or foods containing alcohol, like rum cake—can cause alcohol poisoning. Never leave alcoholic drinks unattended around pets.

27. Coffee: Coffee contains caffeine, a stimulant that dogs cannot metabolize effectively. Even small amounts—such as leftover coffee in a mug or coffee grounds from the trash—can overstimulate a dog’s heart and nervous system. This can lead to hyperactivity, tremors, elevated heart rate, and more severe complications in large doses. Caffeinated drinks and foods should always be kept well out of reach.

28. Tea (especially black or green): Like coffee, most teas contain caffeine, which can be harmful to dogs when ingested. While herbal teas without caffeine may be less risky, it’s not always clear what other ingredients (like essential oils or sweeteners) they may contain. Bottled or sweetened teas are especially dangerous due to added sugars or artificial sweeteners like xylitol. It’s safest to avoid offering tea in any form to your dog.

29. Energy drinks: Energy drinks are a triple threat to dogs: they often contain high doses of caffeine, artificial sweeteners, and other stimulants like taurine or guarana, all of which can cause serious harm. Even a small spill can contain enough caffeine to result in tremors, seizures, or worse. These drinks should be treated like hazardous chemicals around pets.

30. Milk: While milk isn’t toxic to all dogs, many are lactose intolerant, meaning they lack the enzymes needed to digest dairy properly. Drinking milk can cause bloating, gas, and diarrhea. High-fat dairy products also increase the risk of pancreatitis, especially in breeds prone to digestive issues. If you want to offer dairy, opt for lactose-free dog-specific products in moderation.

F. Pantry & Household Staples

31. Salt: Excess salt intake can lead to sodium ion poisoning in dogs, especially if they don’t have access to fresh water. Common salty snacks like chips, pretzels, or salted popcorn may seem harmless in small amounts, but they can cause vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, or worse if overconsumed. Large quantities—such as sea salt from playdough or rock salt—are particularly dangerous and should be kept far out of reach.

32. Baking soda: Though a common kitchen staple, baking soda is highly alkaline and can be toxic if ingested by dogs. It disrupts the body’s acid-base balance and can cause serious issues like muscle spasms, vomiting, or even electrolyte imbalances. Dogs might get into it accidentally when sniffing around baking supplies or if they consume raw baked goods made with it.

33. Baking powder: Similar to baking soda but even more concentrated, baking powder poses a severe risk to dogs. It contains multiple leavening acids that react strongly in the stomach, potentially causing gas, bloating, and metabolic disturbances. Dogs that eat batter or licked measuring spoons are most at risk, especially small breeds with lower tolerance for toxins.

34. Nutmeg: Nutmeg contains myristicin, a compound that is toxic to dogs and can cause symptoms ranging from disorientation to seizures in higher amounts. While a trace amount used in baked goods may not be deadly, concentrated exposure—such as from raw spice containers or spiced desserts—can be very harmful. Always avoid giving dogs anything containing nutmeg, especially holiday treats like pumpkin pie.

35. Raw yeast dough: Yeast-based dough can rise in a dog’s stomach just like it does on a countertop. This can lead to dangerous bloating, pain, and potentially life-threatening gastric dilation. In addition, the fermenting yeast produces ethanol, putting the dog at risk for alcohol poisoning. Bread dough should never be left out where a dog might steal it.

36. Spices (e.g., chili powder, paprika): Many spices commonly used in human cooking can irritate a dog’s gastrointestinal tract. Spicy ingredients like chili powder, cayenne, or paprika can cause excessive thirst, stomach upset, or mouth irritation. Some spice blends also contain onion or garlic powder, adding further toxicity. Always check labels and avoid sharing seasoned foods.

G. Condiments & Sauces

37. Ketchup (often contains xylitol or onion powder): While it might seem harmless in small quantities, ketchup can be surprisingly risky for dogs. Many commercial brands contain xylitol, onion powder, garlic powder, and high amounts of sugar or salt—all of which are dangerous. Even a spoonful can cause health issues, especially if your dog consumes it regularly or from a dropped burger or fry.

38. Mustard: Mustard seeds contain compounds that can irritate a dog’s gastrointestinal tract, leading to vomiting or diarrhea. Both yellow and spicy mustard varieties can be problematic, and some recipes contain additional ingredients like garlic or paprika that increase the toxicity. Dogs should never be allowed to lick mustard off plates, hot dogs, or sandwiches.

39. Soy sauce: High in sodium, soy sauce poses a risk of salt poisoning if consumed in anything more than a trace amount. A few licks may not be harmful for larger dogs, but in small dogs or repeated exposure, it can cause excessive thirst, vomiting, or even kidney issues. Many Asian dishes also contain garlic or onion, compounding the danger.

40. Barbecue sauce: Barbecue sauce often contains a long list of harmful ingredients for dogs: onion powder, garlic, spices, sugar, and xylitol in some sugar-free versions. In addition, the sticky, sugary nature of the sauce makes it easy for dogs to overconsume if given leftovers or access to a grill. Never allow dogs to lick plates, bones, or utensils with BBQ sauce.

41. Salad dressings: Most salad dressings are packed with fat, sugar, vinegar, and seasonings that are unsafe for dogs. Many contain onion, garlic, or artificial sweeteners that are toxic. Creamy dressings like ranch or blue cheese also pose a risk due to lactose and high fat content, which can lead to pancreatitis or digestive upset. Dogs should never be fed salads or scraps coated in dressing.

H. Miscellaneous & Processed Foods

42. Chewing gum: Sugar-free gum is one of the most dangerous human foods for dogs because it often contains xylitol, which can cause a rapid and life-threatening drop in blood sugar and liver failure. Even one piece can be fatal for small dogs. Chewed gum in trash bins or dropped on sidewalks poses a serious hidden hazard and should be cleaned up immediately.

43. Protein bars: Many protein and energy bars contain xylitol, chocolate, raisins, macadamia nuts, or high levels of caffeine from ingredients like guarana or green tea extract. These bars are designed for human performance and are packed with ingredients that can be toxic or overwhelming for a dog’s digestive system. Keep them sealed and out of reach, especially during hikes or workouts with your dog.

44. Chips: While a single chip may seem harmless, most chips are loaded with salt, artificial flavorings, and preservatives. Some varieties also include onion or garlic powder, which are toxic to dogs. Frequent snacking can contribute to obesity, dehydration, and salt poisoning. Dogs should never be encouraged to share salty human snacks.

45. Popcorn (especially buttered or salted): Plain, air-popped popcorn in small amounts may be safe, but most people eat popcorn covered in butter, salt, or seasonings—all of which can cause digestive upset or toxicity. Unpopped kernels also pose a choking hazard or may damage a dog’s teeth. Keep movie snacks well away from curious paws.

46. Artificial sweeteners (beyond xylitol): While xylitol is the most dangerous, other sugar substitutes like erythritol, sorbitol, and maltitol are poorly studied in dogs and may cause stomach upset or diarrhea. They’re found in sugar-free gums, mints, baked goods, and diet foods. Since labeling can be unclear, it’s best to avoid feeding dogs any artificially sweetened products.

47. Rotten/spoiled foods: Moldy or spoiled food in trash cans, compost bins, or left on counters can contain mycotoxins, bacteria, and fermentation byproducts that are highly toxic to dogs. These can lead to vomiting, tremors, or seizures, depending on what has spoiled. Keep all waste sealed, and never feed leftovers that have turned.

48. Moldy bread: Old bread can grow mold that produces tremorgenic mycotoxins, which affect a dog’s nervous system and can cause shaking, seizures, or even death. Bread also offers little nutritional value to dogs and may contain added sugars or raisins. Always store bread securely and discard moldy loaves immediately.

49. Canned soups: These products are typically very high in salt, preservatives, and often onion or garlic powder—making them a triple threat to your dog’s health. Even small amounts can cause dehydration, blood toxicity, or digestive distress. Don’t offer leftover soup or dishes made with canned broth unless they’re homemade and dog-safe.

50. Baby food (may contain onion or garlic powder): Although baby food might seem gentle, many varieties contain ingredients toxic to dogs, particularly onion powder and garlic powder. These additions can lead to red blood cell damage and anemia. Always read labels before offering a spoonful to a sick dog, and stick to vet-recommended, dog-safe options.

What Other Foods Can Affect Your Dog’s Health?

Risks

The following symptoms may indicate a bad reaction to certain foods.

Dogs showing worsening symptoms, such as blood in their vomit or stool, difficulty breathing, weakness, or collapse, should be taken to the veterinarian immediately.

What to Do If A Dog Reacts Badly to Toxic Foods

1. Contact a veterinarian immediately: Even if your dog seems fine, contact your veterinarian or an emergency pet poison hotline right away. This includes services such as the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at 1-888-426-4435 or the Pet Poison Helpline at 1-855-764-7661. If you can’t reach your vet, you can chat live with a registered online veterinary professional via our online vet chat or video chat support (24 hours a day, 7 days a week). You can also schedule an at-home veterinary appointment with The Vets, a mobile veterinary service that provides at-home vet care nationwide for just about everything.

2. Gather important information: When speaking to a veterinarian, provide the following details: the Quantity consumed (estimate if unsure), the time of ingestion, and the dog’s weight and breed (to assess potential risk).

3. Follow veterinary instructions: The vet may suggest monitoring at home or emergency treatment at the clinic.

• Keep your dog calm and prevent them from eating anything else.
• Be prepared to transport your dog to the vet quickly if advised.
• Bring any remaining food or packaging to help the vet assess the situation.

The Bottom Line

Our dogs trust us to keep them safe, and that includes protecting them from the hidden dangers lurking in everyday foods. While it might be tempting to share a snack or let them lick the plate clean, even a small amount of the wrong ingredient can lead to serious health consequences—or worse. By familiarizing yourself with these 50 toxic foods, you’re taking an important step toward being a more informed and responsible pet parent. Always read ingredient labels, keep harmful items out of reach, and when in doubt, don’t share human food. If your dog ever ingests something questionable, contact your veterinarian or a pet poison hotline immediately. Your dog’s health starts with what goes into their bowl—and staying educated is one of the best ways to keep them happy, healthy, and safe for years to come.

If you’re looking for other healthy snack options, check out the best dog treats to find safe and nutritious alternatives. You can also get creative in the kitchen with homemade dog treat recipes for a natural and wholesome reward.

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Sources

Canine Bible uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process and product review methodology to learn more about how we fact-check, test products, and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.